American Airlines Flight 11 (AA 11) Boston to Los Angeles		United Airlines Flight 175 (UA 175) Boston to Los Angeles
7:59	Takeoff	8:14	Takeoff
8:14	Last routine radio communication; likely takeover	8:42	Last radio communication
8:19	Flight attendant notifies AA of hijacking	8:42-8:46	Likely takeover
8:21	Transponder is turned off	8:47	Transponder code changes
8:23	AA attempts to contact the cockpit	8:52	Flight attendant notifies UA of hijacking
8:25	Boston Center aware of hijacking	8:54	UA attempts to contact the cockpit
8:38	Boston Center notifies NEADS of hijacking	8:55	New York Center suspects hijacking
8:46	NEADS scrambles Otis fighter jets in search of AA 11	9:03:11	Flight 175 crashes into 2 WTC (South Tower)
8:46:40	AA 11 crashes into 1 WTC (North Tower)	9:15	New York Center advises NEADS that UA 175 was the second aircraft crashed into WTC
8:53	Otis fighter jets airborne	9:20	UA headquarters aware that Flight 175 had crashed into WTC
9:16	AA headquarters aware that Flight 11 has crashed into WTC
9:21	Boston Center advises NEADS that AA 11 is airborne heading for Washington
9:24	NEADS scrambles Langley fighter jets in search of AA 11

American Airlines Flight 77 (AA 77) Washington,D.C., to Los Angeles		United Airlines Flight 93 (UA 93) Newark to San Francisco
8:20	Takeoff	8:42	Takeoff
8:51	Last routine radio communication	9:24	Flight 93 receives warning from UA about possible cockpit intrusion
8:51-8:54	Likely takeover	9:27	Last routine radio communication
8:54	Flight 77 makes unauthorized turn to south	9:28	Likely takeover
8:56	Transponder is turned off	9:34	Herndon Command Center advises FAA headquarters that UA 93 is hijacked
9:05	AA headquarters aware that Flight 77 is hijacked	9:36	Flight attendant notifies UA of hijacking;UA attempts to contact the cockpit
9:25	Herndon Command Center orders nationwide ground stop	9:41	Transponder is turned off
9:32	Dulles tower observes radar of fast-moving aircraft (later identified as AA 77)	9:57	Passenger revolt begins
9:34	FAA advises NEADS that AA 77 is missing	10:03:11	Flight 93 crashes in field in Shanksville, PA
9:37:46	AA 77 crashes into the Pentagon	10:07	Cleveland Center advises NEADS of UA 93 hijacking
10:30	AA headquarters confirms Flight 77 crash into Pentagon	10:15	UA headquarters aware that Flight 93 has crashed in PA; Washington Center advises NEADS that Flight 93 has crashed in PA

More than the actual events, inaccurate government accounts of those events made it appear that the military was notified in time to respond to two of the hijackings, raising questions about the adequacy of the response. Those accounts had the effect of deflecting questions about the military's capacity to obtain timely and accurate information from its own sources. In addition, they overstated the FAA's ability to provide the military with timely and useful information that morning.

In public testimony before this Commission in May 2003, NORAD officials stated that at 9:16, NEADS received hijack notification of United 93 from the FAA.¹⁷⁵This statement was incorrect. There was no hijack to report at 9:16. United 93 was proceeding normally at that time.

In this same public testimony, NORAD officials stated that at 9:24, NEADS received notification of the hijacking of American 77.¹⁷⁶ This statement was also incorrect. The notice NEADS received at 9:24 was that American 11 had not hit the World Trade Center and was heading for Washington, D.C.¹⁷⁷

In their testimony and in other public accounts, NORAD officials also stated that the Langley fighters were scrambled to respond to the notifications about American 77,¹⁷⁸ United 93, or both. These statements were incorrect as well. The fighters were scrambled because of the report that American 11 was heading south, as is clear not just from taped conversations at NEADS but also from taped conversations at FAA centers; contemporaneous logs compiled at NEADS, Continental Region headquarters, and NORAD; and other records. Yet this response to a phantom aircraft was not recounted in a single public timeline or statement issued by the FAA or Department of Defense. The inaccurate accounts created the impression that the Langley scramble was a logical response to an actual hijacked aircraft.

In fact, not only was the scramble prompted by the mistaken information about American 11, but NEADS never received notice that American 77 was hijacked. It was notified at 9:34 that American 77 was lost. Then, minutes later, NEADS was told that an unknown plane was 6 miles southwest of the White House. Only then did the already scrambled airplanes start moving directly toward Washington, D.C.

Thus the military did not have 14 minutes to respond to American 77, as testimony to the Commission in May 2003 suggested. It had at most one or two minutes to react to the unidentified plane approaching Washington, and the fighters were in the wrong place to be able to help. They had been responding to a report about an aircraft that did not exist.

Nor did the military have 47 minutes to respond to United 93, as would be implied by the account that it received notice of the flight's hijacking at 9:16. By the time the military learned about the flight, it had crashed.

We now turn to the role of national leadership in the events that morning.

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