CONTENTS

List of Illustrations and Tables    

Member List    

Staff List    

Preface    

1. "WE HAVE SOME PLANES"  

• 1.1 Inside the Four Flights  
• 1.2 Improvising a Homeland Defense   
• 1.3 National Crisis Management   

2. THE FOUNDATION OF THE NEW TERRORISM  

• 2.1 A Declaration of War   
• 2.2 Bin Ladin's Appeal in the Islamic World   
• 2.3 The Rise of Bin Ladin and al Qaeda (1988-1992)   
• 2.4 Building an Organization, Declaring War on the United States (1992-1996)   
• 2.5 Al Qaeda's Renewal in Afghanistan (1996-1998)   

3. COUNTERTERRORISM EVOLVES   

• 3.1 From the Old Terrorism to the New: The First World Trade Center Bombing   
• 3.2 Adaptation-and Nonadaptation-in the Law Enforcement Community   
• 3.3 . . . and in the Federal Aviation Administration  
• 3.4 . . . and in the Intelligence Community   
• 3.5 . . . and in the State Department and the Defense Department   
• 3.6 . . . and in the White House   
• 3.7 . . . and in the Congress

4. RESPONSES TO AL QAEDA'S INITIAL ASSAULTS  

• 4.1 Before the Bombings in Kenya and Tanzania   
• 4.2 Crisis: August 1998   
• 4.3 Diplomacy   
• 4.4 Covert Action   
• 4.5 Searching for Fresh Options   

5. AL QAEDA AIMS AT THE AMERICAN HOMELAND  

• 5.1 Terrorist Entrepreneurs   
• 5.2 The "Planes Operation"   
• 5.3 The Hamburg Contingent   
• 5.4 A Money Trail?   

6. FROM THREAT TO THREAT  

• 6.1 The Millennium Crisis   
• 6.2 Post-Crisis Reflection: Agenda for 2000  
• 6.3 The Attack on the USS Cole  
• 6.4 Change and Continuity  
• 6.5 The New Administration's Approach   

7. THE ATTACK LOOMS  

• 7.1 First Arrivals in California   
• 7.2 The 9/11 Pilots in the United States   
• 7.3 Assembling the Teams  
• 7.4 Final Strategies and Tactics   

8. "THE SYSTEM WAS BLINKING RED"  

• 8.1 The Summer of Threat   
• 8.2 Late Leads-Mihdhar, Moussaoui, and KSM   

9. HEROISM AND HORROR   278

• 9.1 Preparedness as of September 11   
• 9.2 September 11, 2001   
• 9.3 Emergency Response at the Pentagon   
• 9.4 Analysis   

10. WARTIME  

• 10.1 Immediate Responses at Home   
• 10.2 Planning for War   
• 10.3 "Phase Two" and the Question of Iraq   

11. FORESIGHT-AND HINDSIGHT  

• 11.1 Imagination   
• 11.2 Policy   
• 11.3 Capabilities   
• 11.4 Management   

12. WHAT TO DO? A GLOBAL STRATEGY  

• 12.1 Reflecting on a Generational Challenge   
• 12.2 Attack Terrorists and Their Organizations  
  12.3 Prevent the Continued Growth of Islamist Terrorism   
• 12.4 Protect against and Prepare for Terrorist Attacks   

13. HOW TO DO IT? A DIFFERENT WAY OF ORGANIZING THE GOVERNMENT  

• 13.1 Unity of Effort across the Foreign-Domestic Divide   
• 13.2 Unity of Effort in the Intelligence Community   
• 13.3 Unity of Effort in Sharing Information   
• 13.4 Unity of Effort in the Congress   
• 13.5 Organizing America's Defenses in the United States   

Appendix A: Common Abbreviations 

Appendix B: Table of Names 

Appendix C: Commission Hearings